Procedures of Translation according to Newmark (1988b)

Procedure of Translation	Meaning	Example
Transference	The  process of transferring an SL word to a TL text.	For example: Ngabuburit, an activity done to wait the magrib time.
Naturalization	Adapts  the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL. (Newmark, 1988b:82)	performance (English) performant (Germany) - estate (English) estat (Indonesia) - police (English) polis (Malaysian)
Cultural equivalent	Replacing  a cultural word in the SL with a TL one. however, “they are not accurate” (Newmark, 1988b:83)	-   Baccalauriai  (the French) : A level -   Abitur (MatUTa) (the German/Austrian) : A  level -   Palais Bourbon (the French) : Westminster -   Montecitorio (the Italian)  : Westminster -   Charcuterie  :  delicatessen (now English deli ) -   Notaire:  Solicitor -   Le  cyclisme : cricket baseball -    Tea  break : cafe-pause -   Carte  a identity : car licence -  eagle : Garuda
Functional equivalent	Requires  the use of a culture-neutral word. (Newmark1988b:83)	The eagle will fly and track preys sleeping in their house.   ( elang akan terbang dan melacak mangsa tidur di sarang)
Descriptive equivalent	The  meaning of the CBT is explained in several words. (Newmark, 1988b:83)	Samurai: the Japanese aristocracy from the eleventh to the nineteenth century; its function was to provide officers and administrators
Componential analysis	Comparing  an SL word with a TL word which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense components.” (Newmark, 1988b:114 )	Boy = [+ male], [– mature] (anak laki- laki = +laki- laki, - dewasa)
Synonymy	Near  TL equivalent. (Newmark, 1988b:84)	-        personne gentille : kind person -        conte piquant : racy story -         awkward or fussy : difficile -        puny effort  : effort faible.
Through-translation	The  literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations and components of compounds. (Newmark, 1988b:84)	Columbia University = Universitas Columbia
Transpositions	Involves  a change in the grammar from SL to TL (Newmark, 1988b:86)	My fellow citizens. ( Rekan- rekan sebangsa dan setanah air).
Modulation	The  translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective. (Newmark, 1988b:88)	-     For example, “It isn’t expensive” is translated to be It’s cheap.
Recognized translation	The  translator “normally uses the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term.” (Newmark, 1988b:89)	Hand phone ( hand phone)
Compensation	Loss  of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part. (Newmark, 1988b:90)	Tsu : “ Me?” exclaimed Mrs . Albert Forrester , for the first time in her life regardless of grammar . Tsa : “ Apaan?” teriak Ny . Albert Forrester , untuk pertama kali dalam hidupnya lupa pada tata bahasa
Paraphrase	The  explanation is much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent. (Newmark, 1988b:91)	Family Poaceae. (The Poaceae (also called Gramineae or true grasses) are a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants).
Couplets	Translator  combines two different procedures. (Newmark, 1988b:91)	My mom bought me a new computer and hard disk. (Ibukku membelikanku sebuah komputer baru dan hard disk).
Notes	Additional  information in a translation. (Newmark, 1988b:91)	By  translating Hemingway’s ‘at Handley V by dans le bar Handley, in der Handley .