Types of Translation

According to Larson (1984: 15) translation is classified into two main types: 

1. Form-based translation

2. Meaning-based translation.

Forms-based translation attempts to follow the form of the source language (SL) and it is known as literal translation, while meaning-based translation makes every effort to communicate the meaning of the SL text in the natural forms of the receptor language. Such translation is called idiomatic translation.

Catford (1978: 21) divides the three aspects of translation differently, those are: extent, level, and ranks.

Based on the extent, the types of translation are:

1)      Full translation, it is a type of translation in which the entire SL text is reproduced by the TL text materials.

2)      Partial translation, there are only some parts of the SL text to be translated into the TL text.

In terms of level, the types of translation are:

1)      Total translation, the TL material replaces all levels of the SL text.

2)      Restricted translation, it is the replacement of SL textual material with equivalent TL material at only one level; whether at the phonological level, graphological level, or at the level of grammar and lexis.

In terms of rank, translation is divided into:

1)      Rank-bound translation, it means that the selection of TL text equivalent is limited at only one rank, such as word-for-word equivalence, morpheme-for-morpheme equivalence, etc.

2)      Unbounded translation, it can move freely up and down the rank-scale.

Based on the purposes of translation, Brislin in Choliludin (2007: 26-30) categorizes translation into four types, namely:

1)      Pragmatic translation: it refers to the translation of a message with an interest in accuracy of the information that was meant to be conveyed in the SL form and it is not conveyed with other aspects of the original language version. Example: the translation of the information how to use something in the product.

2)      Aesthetic-poetic translation: it refers to translation in which the translator takes into account the affect, emotion, and feeling of an original version, the aesthetic form used by the original author, as well as any information in the message. Example: the translation of sonnet, rhyme, heroic couplet, dramatic dialogue, and novel.

3)      Ethnographic translation: its purpose is to explicate the cultural context of the SL and TL versions. Translators have to be sensitive to the way words are used and must know how the word fits into cultures. Example: the use of the word ‘yes’ versus ‘yeah’ in America.

4)      Linguistic translation: is concerned with equivalent meanings of the constituent morphemes of the SL and grammatical form. Example: language in a computer program and translation machine.

On Linguistic Aspect of Translation, Jacobson in Leonardi (2000) identifies three kinds of translation:

1. Intralingual translation (monolingual translation)

2. Interlingual translation (bilingual or multilingual translation)

3. Intersemiotic translation (verbal sign into non-verbal sign).

Intralingual translation refers to a translation in which verbal signs are interpreted by means of other signs of the same language. It happens within the same language (monolingual). Interlingual translation is the one which refers to different languages whether it is bilingual or multilingual. Intersemiotic translation refers to an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of non-verbal sign systems.

Sources:  Types of translation by Mr. Rudi as my lecturer

Theories of translation by Vanilla                      

Definisi -Definisi Terjemahan

Definition 1 (Nida, 1969: 12)

“Translation consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.”  

Definisi 1 (Nida, 1969:12) 

“Penerjemahan terdiri atas menghasilkan kembali ke dalam bahasa penerima terdekat dengan alami dari pesan bahasa asal dalam istilah makna dan kedua dalam istilah gaya.  

Definition 2 (Catford, 1978: 20)

“Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).”

Definisi 2 (Catford, 1978: 20)

“Penerjemahan adalah penggantian bahan naskah dari bahasa asal ke bahasa lain yang sepadan.”  

Definition 3 (Larson, 1984: 3)

“Translation is transferring the meaning of the source language into the receptor language. This is done by going from the form of the first language to the form of a second language by way of semantic structure. It is meaning which is being transferred and must be held constant.”  

Definisi 3 (Larson, 1984: 3)

“Penerjemahan adalah pemindahan makna dari bahasa asal ke bahasa penerima dengan cara struktur semantic.”  

Definition 4 (Newmark, 1988: 5)

“Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text.”

Definisi 4 (Newmark, 1988: 5)

“Penerjemahan adalah membuat makna dari sebuah teks ke dalam bahasa lain dengan cara mempertahankan maksud dari penulis teks tersebut.”  

Definition 5 (Hawkes in Basnett-McGuire ,1991:13)

“Translation involves the transfer of ‘meaning’ contained in one set of language signs into another set of language through competent use of the dictionary and grammar, the process involves a whole set of extralinguistic criteria also.”

Definisi 5 (Hawkes in Basnett-McGuire ,1991:13)

“Penerjemahan melibatkan diri dalam pemindahan makna yang di dalamnya terkandung satu rangkaian isyarat bahasa ke dalam rangkaian bahasa lain melalui kemampuan penggunaan kamus dan grammar,  keseluruhan proses tersebut melibatkan rangkaian dan kriteria exstralinguistic.”

Definition 6 (Sperber and Wilson in Bell (1991:6))

“Translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language.”  

Definisi 6 (Sperber and Wilson in Bell (1991:6))

“Penerjemahan adalah penggantian gambaran dari sebuah teks dalam satu bahasa ke dalam bahasa kedua dengan penggambaran yang sepadan.”  

Definition 7 (Toury in James, 2000)

“Translation is a kind of activity which inevitably involves at least two languages and two cultural traditions.”

Definisi 7 (Toury in James, 2000)

“Penerjemahan adalah jenis dari aktivitas yang tidak bisa dihindarkan untuk melibatkan diri setidaknya dua bahasa dan dua tradisi budaya.”  

Definition 8 (Steiner in Choliludin, 2006: 5)

“Translation can be seen as (co) generation of texts under specific constraints that is relative stability of some situational factors and, therefore, register, and classically, change of language and (context of) culture.”

Definisi 8 (Steiner in Choliludin, 2006: 5)

“Penerjemahan dapat dilihat sebagai generasi dari teks di bawah tekanan tertentu yang relatif seimbang dari beberapa faktor keadaan, untuk itu terdaftar dan secara sederhana mengubah bahasa dan konteks dari budaya.”

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